Gender Schema Theory Essay

What is gender schema theory? Gender schema theory was formally introduced by Sandra Bem in 1981 as a cognitive theory to explain how individuals become gendered in society, and how sex-linked characteristics are maintained and transmitted to other members of a culture. Gender-associated information is predominantly transmuted through society by way of schemata, or networks of information that allow for some information to be more easily assimilated than others. Bem argues that there are individual differences in the degree to which people hold these gender schemata. These differences are manifested via the degree to which individuals are sex-typed. It concerns the development of an internal schema, or mental framework, which organizes and directs the behavior of an individual as a male or female. For example, the gender schema of being female might include the proposition â€Å"I am a girl, so I play with dolls, not trucks.† As every person should know male and female children become â€Å"masculine† and â€Å"feminine†, and mainly at a very young age. By the time they are four years of age, for example, girls and boys are typically come to prefer activities defined by the culture as appropriate for their sex and also to prefer same-sex peers. The acquisition of sex-appropriate preferences, skills, personality attributes, behaviors, and self-concept is typically referred to within psychology as sex-typing. When children are younger, including me, parents tell the girls don’t play with cars, those are for boys. Girls play with dolls, and because you are a girl you must play with dolls, and vice versa for the males. The children gain and follow this information as they go on they are being punished or rewarded for their actions. For example, the girl will stop playing with the toy car, and won’t be yelled at by her parents for playing with a boy’s toy. As the years go by they believe all of this is true because people tell them it is and their culture also tells them this so they continue with this information.

Meg Cabot: A True Author Outline Essay

Ever encountered a book where you just want to smash it against the wall? Tired of reading predictable sappy story lines? Well then, you’re in luck! No matter the mood you’re in, Meggin Patricia Cabot, better known as Meg Cabot, will take you on a journey beyond your wildest imagination from the very first moment you begin reading the first page of one of her novels. In fact, she’ll connect with mind and soul in the multiple genres she writes, making you want to go to the nearest library and check out another. Meg Cabot was born on February 1, 1967, in Bloomington, Indiana. She was an active reader from a very early age, at first gobbling up comic books and science fiction at the local library. In many interviews, Cabot claims that she found her way to the library during the summer months because she was looking for air-conditioning. While cooling off in the library, Cabot soon discovered classic literature, such as To Kill a Mockingbird, by southern writer Harper Lee, and Jane Eyre, written by English novelist Charlotte Bronte(Henning). Jane Eyre, the story of the romance between a man and his daughter’s nanny, in particular, had a lasting effect on young Cabot. As she explained in a 2004 interview with Christina Nunez, â€Å"It introduced me to the world of romance, which I have never left. † In addition to reading, Cabot was also obsessed with princesses and the belief that a ‘Prince Charming’ was out there for everyone. â€Å"I was a traditional Disney-princess worshipper,† she told Trudy Wyss of Borders. â€Å"You know, I had the Snow White birthday cake when I was six, and drew Cinderella endlessly on my notepads. Cabot read about princesses (her favorite fairy tale being Beauty and the Beast ) and fantasized about being a real-life princess, often telling her mom and dad that her ‘real’ parents, the king and queen, would arrive one day in Indiana to find her. In 1977, after seeing the movie Star Wars, the ten-year-old’s obsession for royalty grew to new heights. â€Å"I became obsessed with Princess Leia,† Cabot explained, â€Å"its one thing to be â€Å"I am living proof that it is possible to profit from being a high school freak. † Princess of a kingdom; it is quite another to be princess of an entire planet! It’s no wonder she made a real success with the Princess series. Success, however, does not come overnight. With about a thousand rejection letters, Meg was able to finish off a novel that would blossom her career. The inspiration for Princess came from an event that happened in Cabot’s own life. After her father died her mother began dating her daughter’s former art teacher. Cabot was so horrified that she began keeping a diary. She expanded the diary entries into a story about a ninth-grader named Amelia Mignonette Grimaldi Thermopolis Renaldo, also known as Mia, whose mother is dating her algebra teacher. Cabot also visited her old high school diaries to add true teen voice to her character, a gangly, shy freshman being raised by her single mom in Greenwich Village loft in New York City. How does that pertain for the title Princess? Well in addition to facing the trials and tribulations of teenage life, Mia’s world is turned upside-down when she discovers that her father is actually the prince of a tiny European country called Genovia and that she is next in line to inherit the throne. Suddenly Mia is a celebrity, and her worries about boys comes to a pause for princess lessons, bodyguards, and fending off the paparazzi(TeenReads). And after finishing seven books off of Mia’s life, Cabot created the major motion picture The Princess Diaries starring Anne Hathaway and Julie Andrews. Which later earned itself a sequel. Cabot began to write her own stories because, as she claimed in an Onion Street online interview, there was absolutely nothing else to do. â€Å"That was back in the days before cable and VCRs were opular, so there really was nothing to do but write stories of our own. â€Å" In addition, Cabot wrote for the high school newspaper and kept detailed journals that proved to be excellent when writing Princess Diaries. She was also active in after-school activities, including choir, theater, and the art club. Although she enjoyed writing Cabot never planned on becoming a professional author. Instead, she dreamed of being an actress or a veterinarian. Unfortunately, she flunked algebra and did rather poorly on the math portion of her SATs. As part of admissions requirements most universities require a student to take SAT examinations; they are divided into two sections—verbal and math reasoning—and help assess what a student has learned throughout their high school years. ) Following graduation from high school, Cabot decided to study art at the University of Indiana, where she could attend tuition-free since her father was a professor. In 1991, with a bachelor of fine arts degree in the palm of her hand, the artist moved to New York City to pursue a career as an illustrator. Instead, she landed a job as a freshman dormitory assistant manager at New York University(Nunez). It was not exactly her dream job, but there were periods when work was slow, which gave her plenty of free time to return to her early love: writing. Picking up the pace, Cabot released Insatiable in 2010. Now, this book may prove to be a bit more the adult reader, none-the-less, it is recommended. Tired of those sappy-sob vampire love stories? Well then just grade me an F. Insatiable is the first vampire/paranormal story Meg writes about. With multiple points of views, Meg Cabot leaves the reader speechless by writing about a love triangle between Meena Harper, the perplexed tomboy, Lucien Antonescu, the rich bad-boy, and Alaric Wulf, a vampire-hunter. At first, the only thought in mind might be, â€Å"another Twilight story†. Fortunately, it is not. Being the story spoiler that I am, Cabot finishes the novel not by a happy ending, but a rather joyful one. She doesn’t write about an irresistibly attractive vampire who wins the girl (though Lucien is). Oh no!  On the contrary, Cabot retells Bram Stoker’s Dracula, with a twist. The vampire doesn’t get the girl; making this book ‘a must read’. With that, author Meg Cabot has become a one-woman marketing sensation, a publisher’s dream because she is able to produce novels with amazing frequency. She is also a diverse writer who has found equal success in a multitude of genres, including historical romance(Avalon High, Lady of Skye, Abandon, etc. , ), young adult fiction(Mediator, All-American Girl, Ready or Not? , Princess Diaries, 1800-R-U-There? etc), and contemporary adult fiction(Insatiable, Portrait of My Heart, Queen of Babble, etc. ). It seems as though, Cabot knows exactly what we want to read; morals, romance, comedy, the paranormal, you name it. She knows exactly how to touch your heart and make you wish that you were the main character in the story. With this said, Meggin Patricia Cabot has written over 67 novels in a time period of 1998 till present day. So whenever you’re in the mood to read, you know you can always count on Meg Cabot to take you out of your little shell, and onto an adventure.

Critically assess the contention that temperate forests are in Essay

Critically assess the contention that temperate forests are in equilibrium with climate - Essay Example librium with its climate by considering paleocological studies concerned with the effects of climate change to ancient forests as well as more recent studies of the ;problem of global warming and its effects on temperate forests. Do temperate forests exhibit stability in terms of cover, biodiversity and function in the carbon cycle? What is causing temperate forests to decline if it is indeed in equilibrium with climate? The article â€Å"Forests and climate change† (FAO Corporate Document Repository) states that forests serve an important function in the environmental balance as a carbon pool. A carbon pool is the storage area where carbon dioxide is released or stored. The rate of exchange normally depends on the life cycle of the forest elements. Ideally, the forests are in a state of a perpetual carbon sink, which is defined as a system in which there is more carbon going in than out. Equally admirable is when the amount of carbon absorbed from the atmosphere is equal to the amount of carbon released back into the environment. Unfortunately, especially since the Industrial revolution, this balance has been upset to an increasing degree until the effects of the climate system imbalance has become too severe to be ignored. There have been several efforts in limiting, and hopefully eventually eradicating, this imbalance, with minimal success. One of the more seemingly ecologically correct notions is to implement forest management policies to preserve existing forests and to extend its area through afforestation. Dudley states the preservation of the old temperate forests would be of benefit to the ecology. However, he further implies that the establishment of newer, faster-growing but ecologically unfit forests would be detrimental to the cause of ecological salvaging. Temperate forests are found mainly in western and central Europe, the eastern side of North America and northeastern Asia. These are scattered all over the middle and high latitudes although

Build and sustain an innovative work environment 2 Assignment

Build and sustain an innovative work environment 2 - Assignment Example The company has put measures in place to ensure that the emissions from the plant are minimized to prevent environmental degradation. The company’s business booms because waste is produced on a daily basis from households. The company applies both traditional and modern methods in its business approach. The strategy enables the company to manage the innovation process properly. The traditional business approach enables the company to streamline its activities in order to achieve its objectives. The other strategy entails the building of support for the business. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2009, p. 59) claims that the process of building support for the incineration involves strategic alignment. The strategy promotes objectivity within the business framework in order to explore more innovative means of doing business. The company also engages in the scrutiny of the emerging trends in the incineration business in order to identify novel means of doing business. The strategy gives the firm industrial foresight. Consequently, the company can explore new ways of doing business. The company focuses on the specific needs of the communities. In this regard, the welfare of the public is guaranteed. The responsible disposal of the garbage benefits the public given that the disposal preserves the ozone layer, which is a source of livelihood for millions of people. Corporate responsibility enhances the objectives of the company. The company utilizes its assets constructively and makes use of modern technology in its operations (Hester and Harrison, 2014, p. 83). Additionally, the company is proactive and ready to face any form of eventuality. The company has a culture of motivating and inspiring its employees, which enhances the innovativeness of the firm. The strategy fosters discipline in the firm. Discipline enhances the creativity of the firm workers. The company modifies its innovative principle in

Misuse of DNA Evidence in Homicide Cases Research Paper - 1

Misuse of DNA Evidence in Homicide Cases - Research Paper Example Several barriers exist that limit the contribution of DNA technology to homicide investigations. They include failure by law enforcement to effectively analyze DNA evidence, lack of appropriate communication between law enforcement and crime laboratory, insufficient resources that may not justify the use of DNA technology and use of incompatible DNA analysis systems. There are inherent problems with DNA technology that could lead to wrong convictions. These include cross-contamination, mislabeling of samples, and intentional planting of DNA and misinterpretation of test results. The government’s initiative to create DNA databases also violates privacy laws and therefore calling for the need for transparency on the use of personal information held in DNA laboratories. Given the challenges in the use of DNA evidence in homicide cases, it thus makes sense for prosecutors and investigators to work carefully, using accessible resources most competently. This will mean that DNA stud y should presently be carried out only when compulsory and required to establish an element of the crime. Primarily, it is for identification and also to prove presence or contact of a suspect at the scene of crime, when it is has been denied by the suspect (Butterfield, 1996). DNA is a fundamental building block of the genetic makeup of an individual. It is contained in almost every single cell of the entire human body and is unique to every human being including identical twins. DNA samples collected from the scene of crime can be used like a fingerprint to exclude or include a suspect in a given case. Since its discovery, DNA technology has proved to be a powerful tool in the provision of evidence to homicide investigators and other law enforcement agents. DNA can be found in a number of sources such as saliva, blood, hair, teeth, semen and bones. As early as 1980s, states began to enact laws that required the collection and analysis of DNA samples. In 1994, the

Community Action Personal Health Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Community Action Personal Health Paper - Essay Example The activity I chose to carry out was to send a letter to the Calvin Klein clothing company. The letter includes some points about the relationship between advertising and eating disorders, and how the Calvin Klein image is one of those which causes young people to hold themselves up to impossible standards. I feel that they are a company who really exemplifies the trend towards "thin at all costs" - the idea that thin is an ideal which should be pursued regardless of the consequences. I think that pursuit of this ideal is very unhealthy, particularly for young people. Because I have an eating disorder, carrying out this activity was quite empowering for me. I enjoyed it because advertising is such a powerful tool, and I firmly believe that if advertising were to change and start portraying real bodies wearing real-sized clothing, Western society's image of the ideal body would change. I am not really under the illusion that my letter will be the impetus for change but I am glad that I got the chance to express my opinions, and writing out exactly how I feel about these issues has felt really positive. Anorexia and Bulimia are increasingly in the public eye, particularly because the profile of these diseases is raised by celebrities who have battled these eating disorders. This is unfortunate in one sense because these diseases are legitimized by their association with the rich and famous. This is reinforced by the point that compulsive overeating and the morbid obesity which often results is far less socially acceptable than anorexia or bulimia. The community is far less inclined to accept compulsive overeating as an eating disorder, instead labeling sufferers as lazy and lacking in willpower. There are many organizations dedicated to promoting awareness of eating disorders. The National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders is an example of an organization which operates at the national level. This association raises awareness of eating disorders with support groups, message boards and chat rooms, education packs for schools, and publicity drives with local and national media. (ANAD 2006) According to an article that appeared in the San Francisco Chronicle early this year, Bay Area residents don't have many options when it comes to finding support for eating disorders at the local level. (Harlick 2006) However support groups do exist. One such example is the Ohlhoff Eating Disorders Program, which provides a wide array of services to aid people in recovering from all types of eating disorders. (Ohlhoff 2006) Overall I think I have learned the most from completing the activity portion of this assignment. Even though I have read about and known how advertising and fashion companies have played an influential role in the increasing trend of eating disorders, actually writing to a company to express my views has really crystallized my views on the subject. References Harlick, J. People suffering eating disorders have precious few outpatient resources in the Bay Area. San Francisco Chronicle. January 6 2006. National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders Retrieved May 23, 2006 from . Ohlhoff Eating Dis

Behaviorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Behaviorism - Essay Example What do you think is happening in the poem, based only on reading it one time?† This will get students focused on beginning class, and will give them the opportunity to conduct an initial reading of the poem. They will have the opportunity to consider what they think the poem means based on their own prior knowledge, but without contextual information. Once context is provided later in the lesson, students will be able to compare their original thoughts on the poem with their more informed analysis. (5 minutes) 3. Presentation of New Information or Modeling: The teacher provides a brief introduction about the author, Gwendolyn Brooks including biographical information and background on the society in which the poet wrote. The teacher introduces this information by navigating through various parts of (and having students read aloud) the Norton Anthology of Poetry website as a whole class, using the projector screen (http://www.wwnorton.com/college/english/nap/we_real_cool_brooks .htm). The purpose of this introduction is to provide students with a context for the poem, and a basic awareness of the differences between today’s society and the time during which the poem was written. Providing information on the author exposes students to a famous author who is a minority, and knowing more about the poet gives students further context for analyzing the poem. The teacher then goes over the poem with the students, and has them share their original thoughts on the poem prior to discussing how their ideas have changed in groups. The teacher asks students to focus on what the pool players are doing in the poem, and what becomes of them during... Principles of behaviorism should be part of every elementary classroom (Monchinski, 2008). Although not all activities or ideas are behaviorist in nature, it will help to incorporate behaviorism in some parts of the lesson. The reason behind this is that students in grade school are not yet mature and they need guidance in order to learn proper behavior and skills. Activating prior knowledge, providing models for activities, and giving rewards are some ways to incorporate behaviorism in the given lesson. Incorporating behaviorism into the lesson plan serves the teacher in three ways. First, by activating prior knowledge, the teacher will have the chance to check students’ understanding of the previous lesson. Likewise, by doing such, the students will feel the need to review past lessons, thus reinforcing good study habits among students. They will be inclined to think that past lessons should not be taken for granted; thus taking down notes, reviewing them, and even memorizi ng will help them get a better grade. Moreover, activating prior knowledge will make students see the link between the previous and the current lesson (Monchinski, 2008). Using principles of behaviorism, the teacher also provides model for learning a new skill. In the given lesson, students will be taught directly how to work on the thesis statement and subsections of the speech. This effort could guide students to perform the task appropriately and produce the expected output. Also, telling students what to do or what is expected to happen prior to performing the activity could lead them to write the best speech. The key is to condition learners to act as expected.

Sarbanes Oxley Act and Independence Responsibility View Research Paper

Sarbanes Oxley Act and Independence Responsibility View - Research Paper Example The scandals not only adversely affected the share price but also the general public lost trust on the securities market. Hence the Sarbanes Oxley Act was formed to increase the accountability of the public company so that in future such type of scandals can be avoided. In this project a detail analysis has been made on the Sarbanes Oxley Act and independence responsibility view. The US GAAP has also been analyzed in the view of the Sarbanes Oxley Act. The US companies prepare the financial statement as per the US GAAP but due to the enactment of this act the public companies has to give some more disclosure apart from GAAP. This project involves a detail analysis of the problems of the Sarbanes Act and the US GAAP. The study also includes how and to what extent the act has impacted to the investor, officers of the company, directors, members and other stakeholders. At the end recommendations have been made on how the problems of this act can be solved and investor’s interest can be protected. Brief Overview of Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 Sarbanes Oxley Act was enacted on July 30th, 2002. It increased the sanders to be maintained by all the public companies, its management and accounting firms.... It increased the sanders to be maintained by all the public companies, its management and accounting firms. The name of this law was given after the name of the US senator and US representative Paul S Sarbanes and Michael G Oxley respectively. This act has eleven main elements. They are as follows:- a) Public Company Accounting Oversight Board- This part contains nine sections. These are related to administration, establishment, audit, commission, accounting standards etc. This board also gives guidance on registration of auditors and also specifies the rules and procedures for conducting audit. b) Auditors Independence- This title mainly signifies the standards regarding the independence of the external auditors. It contains nine sections. These sections deals with the criteria for approval and preapproval of auditors, rotation of audit partners, audit reports and everything related to the auditors and their work. c) Corporate responsibility- This part contain eight sections which d eals with the company’s responsibility toward financial reports, forfeiture of profits and bonuses, audit committees of public company etc. As per this title the executives of the company should make sure that the financial reports are accurate and complete. It also signifies the penalties for non compliance of the guidelines. d) Enhanced financial disclosure- This part contains nine sections. This part signifies that the financial statements should also disclose those transactions which are not represented in the balance sheet. It also signifies the ethics to be followed by the financial officers. e) Analyst Conflicts of Interest- This part signifies the measures which should be taken so that the investor can trust the security analyst’s reports. It contains

Customer Accomodation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Customer Accomodation - Essay Example The Channel on the right shows how the Map stocks move from the print planning to the Printing lines, the printed maps move to the Bulk store. Broken down orders are then taken to the Picking area. The channel on the left displays how the customers' orders and trade orders meet up with the Moulin inventory control system. The system is in constant communication with the right hand side channel making sure there is enough stock in place. Through a bar coding system, using hand held scanners, Moulin automatically finds the requested orders in the Bulk store, a picker then brings it down to the picking line. The goods are then packed and dispatched using a contracted logistics service provider. The movement of goods within CSF have both a manual and an automated system working together to produce maximum output. The printing department has the most activity, as much as 4 hours can be spent on setting up just one machine with the majority of time spent on configuring the plates and adjusting the colours. Once set up, the printing machines work two seven-hour shifts, each producing as much as 8000 maps per hour. The company has four printers with two different printing machines, Alpha and Beta. The Alpha machines are older and less efficient, with almost twice as much time needed for set up whilst, only producing half as much output compared with the Beta machine. (Johnston et al, 2003:170). CSF has two fairly distinctive levels of demand. The first is a lower level, where monthly sales volume accounts for only 5% and 7% of the annual total and a second, higher level of demand shows monthly sales of 9% and 11% of the annual total. The planning procedures department use as much as 12 months lead time in preparation for new maps and stock replenishment. The team determine the need for placing a map (stock) on the printing schedule as much as 6 months in advance. They aim to deliver a batch of printed maps to the Bulk store 3 months before stock is projected to run out. Holding 12 months of inventory can be expensive. Warehousing for storage including rent and utilities, Insurance and taxes on inventory finance for the stock, and stock lossage due to shrinkage/deterioration are just a few costs for holding inventory over a long period. Inventory optimization www.sap.com Accessed 2.1.2007 Moving over to the left channel of figure 1 we see more activity coming in from customers and trade orders. CSF aim to have dispatched the customers order within three to four days of receipt, with an 88% performance target regularly being exceeded. Only over the busy Easter months have CSF had problems with delivery times, this was mainly due to their contract logistics service provider. CSF should have forecasted from previous years that Easter was the busiest time and so they should have hired more transport through their logistics providers. The company uses an Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) for their customers to place orders. Only 50%-60% of the orders are EDI with the remaining orders being keyed in to Moulin by hand. This process is slow, not cost effective and can generate errors. Use of this channel is limited to a small amount of CSF's largest customers. Here I think is CSF's biggest downfall. According to Stock, If the

Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Ethics - Assignment Example gher standard of behavior by society, because they are stewards of the public trust and are empowered to apply force and remove constitutional privileges when lawfully justified† (Gleason). Police does not only take an oath of protecting the nation, but is also expected to adhere to the highest standards of ethics and respect the laws they enforce upon others. Proper ethical training helps the police recognize ethical dilemma, identify solutions, select the most appropriate solution from among a range of options, take prompt action, and take responsibility for the consequences. There are certain strategies that the police leaders can adopt to instill ethics in the organization. (Zuidema and Duff) highlight some of them; The police leaders should make the ethical behavior a necessary part of the organization’s mission and values. These values include but are not limited to leadership, dedication, and professionalism. This way, it becomes more convenient for the employees of the police department to recall the terms since they are part of in the organization’s initials. The best way to achieve this effect is to display the values of ethical behavior for the officers and the community members on the brochures, website, and cars used by the organizational personnel. The police leaders should emphasize upon the ethical behavior in such organizational events as meetings and sessions of training and skill development. Inviting the sworn officers of law enforcement at all public ceremonies held by the organization to recite the oath of honor can be a potential way to achieve this. Police departments can also place emphasis on the ethical behavior in the philosophy of their organization. For example, the officers may be granted the power to solve problems individually and make the required decisions in mutual consensus with the citizens. If the officers are granted this right, this would not only make them more particular about the ethical concerns and implications

The History of Cell Theory in the Last 200 Years Essay Example for Free

The History of Cell Theory in the Last 200 Years Essay The last two centuries present significant advancement in the study of cell development in biological science since the term was first coined by Robert Hooke in 1665. Although Hooke first observed the presence of cells in matters it was Jean Baptiste De Lamarck (1744 1829), a French scientist, who initiated early steps in recognizing the concept of the cell as a biological element in living things while carrying out extensive works in evolution and classifications in the animal kingdom. This is similar to the Rene Dutrochet’s pronouncement in 1824 that the structure of a living body’s fundamental elements is the cell, created through the process called juxtaposition or combination, producing both animals and plant forms. Several assumptions followed which serves as basis for the modern cell theory including Ludolph Christian Treviranus’s (1779-1864) proposition that a cell can be further separated into even smaller components by its intracellular space or individual units comprising the cell itself particularly in plants. Building on this concept, Robert Brown (1773-1858) published a paper naming one of these units â€Å"cell nucleus† in 1883. Although scientifically accepted as fact today, Brown together with Bauer, at that time, never thought the idea of cell nucleus to be universally present in all living things and limit the concept to monocotyledons (also called monocots), one of the major groups of angiosperms or flowering plants. Amidst the numerous assumptions and differing opinions of their times three names excel in the field of cell science: Theodor Schwann (1810-1882), Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1804-1881) and Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902). Schwann discovered what is called Schwann cell or neurolemnocytes, glial cells supplying vitality to peripheral nerve fibers. Together with Schleiden they concluded that all living things are composed of cells and published their findings in a paper called Microscopic Investigations on the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Plants and Animals. Almost their contemporary, Virchow further improved the idea into a wider and more scientific scale stating that cells come from cells of the same kind, refuting the theory of Spontaneous Generation. Virchow was also one of the very first scientists to apply existing cell theories together with findings he himself formulated in medicine that led to the discovery of leukemia cells and a deeper understanding of lung cancer and other deceases related to cell formation and their behavior. In 1855, Virchow states that cells replicate through the process called â€Å"cell division†. Together, Schwann, Schleiden and Virchow are the three considered to be the key figures and originator of the basis for the concepts of modern Cell Theory. Development in the Cell Theory in the 1900’s is not as numerous as that of the 1700’s and 1800’s. One discovery, however, worth mentioning is the finding made by James D. Watson and Francis Crick regarding the double-helix structure for DNA in the 1953. 2. Membranous Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells †¢ Chloroplast (plastid). Chloroplasts are present in eukaryotic a cell which main function is to capture light energy to conserve free energy in the form of ATP moderating Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP) and requires NADPH as a reductant in a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction. †¢ Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) forms the network of tubules, vesicles and cisternae in cells necessary for protein synthesis ( the process where cells proteins), protein folding and transport, secretion or exocytosed, and manufacture and storage of glycogen, steroids and macromolecules. †¢ Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Complex deals with the processing of proteins and lipids after synthesis before transporting (e. g. secretion) †¢ Mitochondrion generates the cell’s energy (i. e. chemical energy) and produce majority of its Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) †¢ Vacuole is an enclosed water filled compartment within a cell containing enzymes and various natural and inorganic molecules. †¢ Nucleus contains majority of the cell’s genetic materials organized in a multiple long linear Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). It is considered to be the cell’s control center. 3. Methods in Molecular Exchange †¢ Diffusion. Diffusion balances the degree of concentration of molecules from a region with higher concentration to a region with lower concentration as a reaction to thermal motion. It plays a vital role in the distribution of oxygen, nutrients and other molecules across the capillary walls and across membranes. An diffusion equilibrium is said to be attained when the amount of molecule between two regions are equal and no diffusion movement occurs, or the net flux is at zero rate. The degree of concentration, temperature, and room affects the direction and extent of net flux related to the process. †¢ Endocytosis. Endocytosis takes place when cells suck up molecules from the outside of the cell by swallowing it up using their cell membrane. †¢ Exocytosis. Exocytosis is the reverse process of endocytosis where a cell releases the contents accumulated by the secretory vesicles out of the cell membrane. 4. Catalyst and Enzyme Catalysts are substances that make a chemical reaction faster than its normal rate. Catalysts inhibit changes in matters acted upon (substrate) but remain unchanged on the final output of the reaction (end product). Enzymes are types of catalyst that are almost always in protein form and are used in biochemical (living) reactions. 5. Enzyme-Controlled Reaction During an enzyme-controlled reaction, the enzyme’s key portion called â€Å"active site† interacts with the substrate. The substrate begins reacting to the enzyme entering a stress state. Upon reaching the necessary stress rate, the substrate changes in form or state (or both) producing the end product. The resulting end product is said to â€Å"drift away† and the enzyme is then free to perform the same procedure in the chemical reaction until no reactible substance is left, concluding the process. 6. Enzymes, Coenzymes and Vitamins The primary function of vitamins in living organisms is to serve as cofactors for chemical reactions involving enzymes. Although a cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound, cofactors are tied to a protein and is necessary for proteins to perform its biological functions. These types of proteins are almost always a kind of enzyme and cofactors can be thought as of â€Å"helpers† in performing its transformation. Vitamins or derivatives of vitamins make up an organic cofactor. 7. Chemosynthesis is the process by which organisms generate their own energy through chemical reaction rather than sunlight. This process converts carbon substances and nutrients into organic form (hydrocarbon) by oxidation as an energy source. 8. In the process called Glycolysis, requires two ATP’s to break down glucose into phosphoglyceraldehyde (2 PGAL). In the 2nd stage of glycolysis, the 2 PGAL’s are then broken into 2 pyruvates. This stage produces 4 ATP’s and 2 NADH’s. The net ATP production is 2 ATP’s as in the same case with the Krebs Cycle. 9. Stages in Photosynthesis The process of photosynthesis starts with the accumulation of substances needed by the process. These substances are carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and, of course, sunlight to be processed in the leaf’s chloroplasts. Sunlight then is converted into an energy form called ATP and NADPH. The sunlight absorbed through the stomata follows as certain chain of processing and results in the production of ATP, NADPH and oxygen. This process is called light reaction. Utilizing the ATP and NADPH, carbon dioxide is then converted into sugar. The resulting sugar is then broken down into two molecules called glucose and fructose, molecules that make up sucrose and sugar. The process is called dark reaction. 10. Assuming Photosynthesis I and Photosynthesis II refers to Light Reaction and Dark reactions: During light reactions electrons react as light strikes the chlorophyll. This results to the formation of ATP and NADPH. Also, water undergoes chemical reaction splitting oxygen and hydrogen. Carbon dioxide is accumulated from the atmosphere, hydrogen is added producing carbohydrates. This process is called carbon fixation. In the case of dark reactions, carbon dioxide is accumulated by a 5-C chemical called ribulose biphosphate (RuBP). Six molecules of carbon dioxide go in the Calvin Cycle, creating a glucose molecule. TP and NADPH created is used to attach phosphates into the PGA. Residual PGAL molecules are converted to reform 6 molecules of RuBP repeating the cycle again. REFERENCES Enger, E. D. , Ross, F. C. , Bailey, D. B. (2009). Concepts in biology (13th ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill. Turner W. (January 1890). The Cell Theory, Past and Present BIOS 100 Lecture Material Online. Fall 2004. Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and other Energy-Releasing Pathways. May 15, 2009. http://www. bio. miami. edu/~cmallery/255/255hist/cell_theory. htm

Americas racial front Essay Example for Free

Americas racial front Essay This scripture, taken from Matthew 15:8, denotes flawlessly what was, what is, but hopefully what will not always be the plight of Americas racial front. In 1964, a Civil Rights Act was passed outlawing segregation in schools and other public places. Following its passage, blatant acts of racism were no longer tolerated in the United States. This meant that to utter racial slurs, and publicly assert ones agreement with racial stereotypes came to be considered distasteful or politically incorrect†. Therefore, though in more covert forms than in times past, racism yet rears its ugly head. Perhaps this is because America, though cloaked in the beautiful garment we refer to as equality, is yet stained with the sin of racism. This fact is most evident in the very places in which it was originally outlawed. One of the many purposes for which this law was passed was to prevent age, gender, and racial discrimination in the field of healthcare. Unfortunately, because discrimination is not a superfluous issue, but rather a serious concern due to its institutionalization, elderly people have died in huge numbers due physicians who did not hold their heal in high enough regard to follow proper (though at times, troublesome) procedure. In addition, homosexuals are often experience horrible bedside manners from doctors who disagree with the way in which they’ve chosen to live their lives, and sadly African American men, women, and children are constantly subjected to second-rate care simply due to the color of their skin. This ugly picture is nothing like the pretty one painted by America for others to see.

Wilson Disease Genetic Tests

Wilson Disease Genetic Tests Clinical Features in Patients with Wilson Disease Hepatic Asymptomatic hepatomegaly Isolated splenomegaly Persistently elevated serum aminotransferase activity (AST, ALT) Fatty liver, Acute hepatitis, Resembling autoimmune hepatitis Cirrhosis: compensated or decompensated Acute liver failure Neurological Movement disorders (tremor, involuntary movements) Drooling, dysarthria, Rigid dystonia Pseudobulbar palsy, Dysautonomia, Migraine headaches, Insomnia, Seizures Psychiatric Depression, Neurotic behaviours, Personality changes, Psychosis Other Systems Ocular: Kayser-Fleischer rings, sunflower cataracts Cutaneous: lunulae ceruleae  · Renal abnormalities: aminoaciduria and nephrolithiasis Skeletal abnormalities: premature osteoporosis and arthritis  · Cardiomyopathy, dysrhythmias  · Pancreatitis  · Hypoparathyroidism Menstrual irregularities; infertility, repeated miscarriages How is Wilson disease diagnosed? The diagnosis of Wilson disease is made by relatively simple tests. The tests can diagnose the disease in both symptomatic patients and people who show no signs of the disease. These tests can include: Opthalmalogic slit lamp examination for Kayser-Fleischer rings Serum ceruloplasmin test 24-hour urine copper test Liver biopsy for histology and histochemistry and copper quantification Genetic testing, haplotype analysis for siblings and mutation analysis. It is important to diagnose Wilson disease as early as possible, since severe liver damage can occur before there are any signs of the disease. Individuals with Wilson disease may falsely appear to be in excellent health. Treatment of Wilson disease Wilson disease is a very treatable condition. With proper therapy, disease progress can be halted and oftentimes symptoms can be improved. Treatment is aimed at removing excess accumulated copper and preventing its reaccumulation. Treatment for Wilson disease is a lifelong process. Patients may become progressively sicker from day to day, so immediate treatment can be critical. Treatment delays may cause irreversible damage. Chelation therapy drugs approved for treating Wilson disease include penicillamine (Cuprimine ® and Depen ®) and trientine (Syprine ® and Trientine Dihydrochloride) Both of these drugs act by chelation or binding of copper, causing its increased urinary excretion. Mettalothionein inducer drugs approved for treating Wilson disease are (Galzinâ„ ¢) in the U.S. and (Wilzin ®)in Europe.Zinc acts by blocking the absorption of copper in the intestinal tract. This action both depletes accumulated copper and prevents its reaccumulation. Zincs effectiveness has been shown by more than 30 years of considerable experience overseas. A major advantage of zinc therapy is its lack of side effects. Patients with severe hepatitis or liver failure may require liver transplant. Patients being investigated or treated for Wilson disease should be cared for by specialists in Wilson disease or by specialists in consultation with their primary physicians. Stopping treatment completely will result in death, sometimes as quickly as within three months. Decreasing dosage of medications also can result in unnecessary disease progression. How is Wilson disease inherited? Wilson disease is an autosomal recessive disease, which means it occurs equally in men and women. In order to inherit Wilson disease, both parents must carry one genetic mutation (abnormal alteration in the gene) that each parent passes to the affected child. At least one in 30,000 people of all known races and nationalities has the disease. Of the 23 different human chromosomes, the gene responsible for Wilson disease is located on chromosome 13. The gene is called ATP7B and it contains the genetic information necessary to make a copper transport protein that plays a key role in incorporating copper into ceruloplasmin and moving excess copper out of the liver. Mutations in the gene lead to an abnormal copper transporter that cannot move copper effectively or at all. More than 300 genes of the ATB7B have been identified thus far.This excess copper accumulates in the liver and other organs. Most patients have no family history of Wilson disease. People with only one abnormal gene are called carriers. Carriers (heterozygotes) may have mild, but medically insignificant, abnormalities of copper metabolism. Carriers do not become ill and should not be treated. Wilson disease patients (homozygotes) do become ill and must receive treatment lifelong or eventually they will develop severe lethal disease. One in 100 individuals in the general population carries one abnormal copy of the Wilson disease gene. Carriers have one normal and one abnormal gene. All (100%) children of those afflicted with Wilson disease receive at least one abnormal copy of the Wilson disease gene. One half (50%) of a carriers children receive at least one abnormal copy of the Wilson disease gene. A genetic counselor can provide a more detailed pedigree of specific family relationships. Family Screening All siblings and children of Wilson disease patients should be tested for Wilson disease. Other relatives who have had symptoms or laboratory tests that indicate liver or neurological disease also should be tested for Wilson disease. Biochemical Testing Children of patient: Begin at age 2 if asymptomatic, repeat once in 5 years unless reasontopursue further. Siblings of patient: Physical examination and brief history of any liver or neurological symptoms. Liver Function Tests: ALT, AST, Albumin, Bilirubin. Ceruloplasmin and Serum Copper. 24 hour urine copper Slit-lamp exam of the eyes for Kayser-Fleischer rings. If no K-F rings, abnormal liver functions tests, and low ceruloplasmin: liver bio Information about Molecular Genetic Testing All siblings and children of Wilson disease patients should be tested for Wilson disease. Other relatives who have had symptoms or laboratory tests that indicate liver or neurological disease also should be tested for Wilson disease. More than 300 different mutations of the ATP7B gene have been identified thus far. Testing Methods Available: Linkage analysis (Haplotype analysis) Molecular genetic testing to identify a set of closely linked segments of DNA (a marker or set of markers), comparing the markers of family members to those of an affected patient. Useful for: screening siblings of an identified patient Gene sequencing (mutation screening of the entire ATP7B gene) Analysis of the entire ATP7B gene to detect and identify disease causing mutations. An individual with confirmed Wilson disease needs to be tested first. If both mutations are identified, other family members can then be offered testing. Gene sequencing will identify both mutations in most but not all cases of Wilson disease. Useful for: confirmation of the diagnosis in suspected patients, family members to learn if they could be affected but do not yet have symptoms, to learn they are carriers, or to allow for prenatal testing for confirmed carriers. Analysis of a specific location in the ATP7B gene for a known particular mutation. Useful for: specific populations of patients where the common mutations are known; for screening siblings of patients with two identified mutations. Genetic testing is best coordinated through a genetic counselor who can carefully discuss the best method of testing to perform and the benefits, limitations, and implications of each method. Genetic testing is best coordinated though a genetic counselor who can carefully discuss the best method of testing to perform and the benefits, limitations, and implications of each method. Your physician should be able to direct you to a qualified genetic counselor and genetic testing facility. Definition: Kayser-Fleischer Ring: Clinical sign. Brownish-yellow ring visible around the corneo-scleral junction (limbus). Consists of copper deposits in Descemet’s membrane, extending into the trabecular meshwork. Sign of Wilson’s disease. Description and Location: Golden to greenish-brown annular deposition of copper located in the periphery (limbus) of the cornea (Descemet’s membrane). First appears as a superior crescent, then develops inferiorly and ultimately becomes circumferential. Usually requires a slit-lamp examination to detect rings in their early stage of formation. Prevalence: Approximately 95% of WD patients presenting with neurological signs will have a K-F ring. Whereas approximately 65% of WD patients presenting with hepatic signs will present with a ring. Copper chelation therapy may cause fading and even disappearance of the corneal copper over time.

Birth of Equality and the Death of Chivalry Essay -- Feminism Feminist

The Birth of Equality and the Death of Chivalry "...And now it's time for girls on trampolines!"   Adam Corolla of The Man Show shouts at the end of the insipid program supposedly providing men with "manly" entertainment;   "We give men what they want to see."   This show involves beer guzzling at its best, childish antics involving midgets and the degradation of women in many forms.   It seems as though chivalry may truly have died.   In the woman's on-going quest for equality, the respect and reverence they were once treated with has changed.    Technically chivalry is defined as the moral code of knights in medieval times i.e.: dignity, courtesy, bravery, generosity, and gallantry.   This was the manner of respect in which women were to be treated, and a knight was to uphold the code always.   One can imagine courtly ladies strolling through the court in fine gowns, and having a chivalrous knight lay his cloak over a muddy patch so the ladies shan't muss their shoes. These days should some kind man stand for an extra second at a door to keep it open for an approaching woman, she may be amazed at this display of courtesy.      Hand on door, or cloak in mud, this is and was respectively, the mark of a refined man.   "The self-conscious command of fine manners, whether the proper way of hunting, dressing, addressing a superior, or wooing a lady, became a key mark of an aristocrat"(20).   In literature, "Despite the limitations of their actual power, women were the focus, often the worshiped focus, of much of the best imaginative literature of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries..."(18). Though chivalry is connected with the medieval times, Edmund Spencer wrote of a chivalrous knight in The Red Crosse Knight of The Faerie Queene... ...ved out of fantasyland and into reality.   For some this was too far into reality, Swift goes so far as to describe the lady's chamber pot, "...he lifts the lid: there need no more, he smelt it all the time before" (  Ã‚   ).   A man of virtue would not dare to embarrass a woman by revealing her dressing room secrets. With the respect women were just starting to gain as thinkers, the respect of ideal sweet perfection dwindled.   No longer was she a mystery to be worshipped.   Slowly as men realized that women are capable thinkers, the need to react to her in a manner different from men became less necessary.   If women are so equal they can defend their own virtue.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By our times most men have figured out women can reason just as well as men, and women hold office in nearly every position that men do.   Supposedly we are the equals, which has led to the death of chivalry.

Analysis of Willa Cathers OPioneers! :: Willa Cathers OPioneers! Literature Essays

Analysis of Willa Cather's O'Pioneers! Willa Cather’s best known novel, O’Pioneers!, is an epic story of hope and courage in the late 1800s on the American frontier. During the story, the main character Alexandra Bergson grows to love her land in central Nebraska. The land is her home and livelihood. The land is the reason her father moved them there in early 1880s. The land known as the Divide proves to be a very tough place to live. It will drive many of the settlers away, but in time shows the strength and strong-willed personality of Alexandra. This story represents an unconventional love story where there is more love from a person for the land, rather than for a human being. When John Bergson, Alexandra’s father dies, she inherits the farm and takes the responsibility of taking care of the land. He entrusts her with the farm because he knows she will work hard to save the farm. Because she is the oldest child, she must set the example for her younger brothers Emil, Lou, and Oscar. (The story gives very little reference to their mother, who also dies.) As the story progresses, Alexandra learns new farming techniques from Ivar (who later becomes a servant) and the farm soon becomes more successful than any of the other farms on the Divide. About three years after the story begins, Carl Linstrum, Alexandra’s best friend moves away. This is very hard for Alexandra because they are very close. Carl is the only person who understands her. This is not the only hardship that she has to endure; moreover, her closest brother, Emil, and her best friend Marie Shabata are killed later on in the story by Marie’s jealous husband Frank. Alexandra looks at the land like it is her best friend, possibly even like a human being. She constantly looks for ways to improve it. This gives her more pleasure than anything else, and yet she is comfortable with being emotionless from her the outside world.

The Master of One’s Fate, The Captain of One’s Soul :: Philosophy, Good Judgment, Control, Direction

Successful people have the ability to obviate situations and make concise decisions, which lead them to a final goal or destination. In order to make these decisions and weave a path through a maze of obstacles, they must have confidence in their own judgment. Good judgment is subjective and requires discipline and control to achieve. Good judgment is unfettered by outside influences but allows individuals to conduct themselves in a manner appeasing to themselves and their situation. Individuals of this type maintain their own behavior, separating and acknowledging how they are perceived and who they would like to be. Good judgment leads to a person in control and control is dependant on nothing. Michael De Montaigne describes in his essays how one can gain control over oneself while achieving a coherent totality. One is often influenced and criticized by close peers. Because of this constant speculation and concern for others, people turn trivial decisions into difficult life altering battles. Even in solitude one’s conscious is a constant—and dogmatic—observer. The idea of even having to make a choice has escaladed into a tyrannical monster. To take back control, Montaigne advises individuals to look inward. He proposes people discipline themselves in â€Å"a back shop all our own†(Montaigne 214) because â€Å"it would be madness to trust [one]self if [one] do[es] not know how to govern [one’s] self† (Montaigne 221). In solitude—†free from the violent clutches that engage† (Montaigne 216)—one must go so far in discipline that he â€Å"dare not trip up in your own presence† (Montaigne 221). By doing this, individuals respect their decision, trusting it the most beneficial and appropriate to the situation. Often division is another source of confusion, making it difficult for individuals to have authority in their own life. People are torn between their â€Å"own affairs† and the â€Å"headaches†¦ of our neighbors and friends† (Montaigne 215). To this, Montaigne discusses how one should comfortably detach oneself from earthly materials and allow â€Å"one to be a whole people† (Montaigne 221). Certainly, one should find pleasures in having a, â€Å"wife, children, goods, and above all health† (Montaigne 214); however, one must not be bound to any materials so strongly that his â€Å"happiness depends on them† (Montaigne 214) or â€Å"they cannot be detached without tearing off our skin and some part of our flesh as well† (Montaigne 216). One tends to give one’s self away, so that portions of one’s time and thought belong to others rather than belonging to one’s self.

Marketing Galaxy Essay

The company that I have chosen for the basis for my report is Mars Incorporated. They have been placed the 5th largest privately held company in the United States and had a $30 billion annual sales in 2010. The majority of people think of chocolate when they hear of Mars; however their confectionary products are not the only thing they focus on. They cater for six business segments:- †¢ Petcare †¢ Wrigley †¢ Food †¢ Drink †¢ Symbioscience †¢ Chocolate They are a privately owned company with more than 65,000 Associates who are committed to delivering the best quality in the segments above. Out of the six segments I will be focusing on one ‘Chocolate’. Mars have 4 billion dollar global brands which includes ‘M&Ms’; ‘Snickers’ and also ‘Milky Way’. Chocolate confectionery is very much a part of everyday life in the United Kingdom. The UK is the largest chocolate consumer in the world with an annual average per capita consumption of 11.5 kg followed by Liechtenstein with 10.9 kg. The reason why I have chosen this company is because they have a strong background when it comes to chocolate and three of their products ‘Galaxy, Mars Bar and also Bounty’ have been listed in the Top Ten Chocolate bar of all time. One of the products that Mars Incorporated that interest me is ‘Galaxy’ which is extremely popular in the United Kingdom; Middle East and in Africa. Galaxy is also known as Dove in many parts of the world such as United States; Germany; Malaysia and Greece. Nevertheless, the chocolate used in Dove products is a different taste from the chocolate used in Galaxy. Galaxy has 11 different products such as Galaxy Ripple; Galaxy Cookie Crumble; Galaxy Counters. As we know Galaxy has many different spin offs, which gave me an idea for a new product. â€Å"Galaxy Smooth White†. Galaxy believes that the indulgence about chocolate is about the whole experience. It has a luxury yet sensual feel towards it. The majority of white chocolate products is mainly aim at the children market, providing products such Milky Way and Kinder Bueno. There are a few white chocolate products for adults however are on the upper scale such as Divine; Fair-trade and Green & Blacks. When looking into the needs and wants of a ‘Galaxy’ chocolate, customers still want that luxury feel when they take that first bite. (Galaxy calls it ‘Love at first bite’). Customers want a warm feeling inside and for that moment, they don’t want to worry about how many calories they are going to add. Galaxy Smooth white delivers exactly this and more. It provides adults with a white chocolate that is not deemed to be immature or just any chocolate that you would have daily in your lunch box. This chocolate is for lovers of white chocolate or chocolate in general; who enjoy indulging themselves with an experience that allows them to be in their own world where everything is perfect for that moment. 70% of the whole UK confectionery market is accounted for by chocolate, with annual sales of  £3.75bn. White chocolate only accounts for just 1 to 2% of UK chocolate consumption (milk chocolate accounts for 92%). Tony Bilsborough, Head of UK Media Relations (Cadbury) believes that there is a massive growth potential with white chocolate. â€Å"We’ve seen the figures and our competitors have, too,† he says. â€Å"I think you could say that white is the new brown.† According to market research it has shown that white chocolate is famous among the female segment of the United Kingdom population. Women in return have rewarded Galaxy with sales figures that have totalled companies such as Ferrero, Green and Black’s, and Lindt combined. (According to UNS Worldpanel data.) Galaxy’s target market is women between the ages of 25 and 45 however for Galaxy smooth White, I would want to lower the age to 21, as I believe in this generation, women from the age of 21 are deemed to be more mature than they were 10 years ago as they are more independent and becoming more career focused. When looking at segmentation criteria for Galaxy Smooth white, I looked at ‘Demographic’. This segmentation involves dividing the market into different groups based on variables that relate to age, gender, family size, income, occupation, education, lifecycle and generation. This is known to be one of the most popular bases for segmenting consumers groups, mainly as consumers wants are closely linked to such variables as income and age; and there is more data available to assist with Demographic segmentation process. Below are the main demographic segmentation variables for ‘Galaxy Smooth White’: Age/gender As explained above Galaxy Smooth White will be aimed at 21-45 year old women. As facts show that women in the United Kingdom find white chocolate very popular. There are many white chocolate available for children so breaking into that market will be a massive risk, whereas white chocolate aimed at women is a quite small market waiting to be broken. Galaxy is also known to be a chocolate that is soft; sensual and even romantic. So aiming this product towards men will be a big fail. Income When looking at this product, its shows it’s a luxury good. However compared to products such as Green & Black and Divine it is not at that end of the scale. Galaxy Smooth White appeals to consumers of all types of income which makes it different from competitors such as Divine who are aimed at those with a medium to high income. Lifestyle When looking at Galaxy Smooth White the type of women it is aimed at, is those with a hectic lifestyle; so whether it be someone who works all through the week; a mother of four or even a student who constantly in their books. The aim of the chocolate is that when a women needs a moment for herself, Galaxy Smooth White allows her to calm down; allows her to focus on herself; her needs and for that moment nothing else matters. The reason why I chose women between the age of 21 and 45 for the target market is that apart from children they are the main consumers for white chocolate. There is also room for a luxury, sensuous affordable chocolate in the confectionery market. I still want to keep Galaxy’s consumers as a target market as the company has been influencing it consumers to fall in love with Galaxy’s silky taste while also endorsing itself as a symbol of indulgence, femininity, and sensuousness. It is important that Galaxy’s traditional image is reserved as there are many benefits for Galaxy Smooth White to be associated with Galaxy. One brand that may be seemed as competition is Cadbury’s Dream, which is portrayed by them as a ‘white chocolate made with real smooth, melt in your mouth chocolate’. I know that Galaxy Smooth White will be positioned at a higher rank compared to Cadbury’s Dream as I have a more solid knowledge of my target market and Dream did not have a clear clarification of what their target market was. Galaxy has been linked to female-friendly activities such as book and films such as The Devil Wears Prada and Sex and The City. All this relates to Galaxy Smooth White Brand. When marketing Galaxy Smooth White, I need to make sure that I create a successful mix of: †¢ Being the ‘right’ product †¢ Sold at the ‘right’ price †¢ Sold in the ‘right’ place †¢ Using the ‘right’ promotion †¢ Product Galaxy is already a household name and is known for being a chocolate that caters for women. One of their branded names is ‘Why have cotton when you can have silk?’ When looking at what the customers wants from the Galaxy Smooth White, they still want that feeling of having a soft, smooth silk like feeling of white chocolate. Not only does it have to taste right, it has to look perfect. The packaging should be similar to the current Galaxy Smooth Milk however have white/sliver silky foil covers with the same colour background, however the words ‘Galaxy’ written in white. The Galaxy Smooth White should be written in white. We still want to keep the packaging simple as the product is our main focus. Comparing this product to others such as dream, I think the Brand name does put Galaxy Smooth White at an advantage as what we are selling relates to the brand; has been backed up by the brand. So we are in a position where the consumers know what to expect. Price Galaxy bars are now (46g) sold at a retail price of 57p. The larger ones (125g) are sold at  £1.26. When looking at pricing the ‘Price must be right’. In regards to Galaxy Smooth white I will use, Penetration Pricing. The aim of this is to increase the market share of a product. Galaxy Smooth White could you the â€Å"Special Introductory Offer†. Here I am able to set a relatively low initial entry price, lower than the established price to attract new customers. This strategy aims to encourage consumers to switch to the new product because of the lower price which will be  £1 for 125g and 45p for 46g. Although this type of pricing is mostly associated with a marketing objective of increasing market share or sales volume, in the short term profits will result in being lower than if the price was set higher. However long term, there would be profitability of higher market share, so the pricing strategy can often be justified. Place We have to make sure that the Galaxy Smooth White is obtainable in supermarket, online and even local shops. Galaxy Smooth White should be available for consumers as other confectionaries are. So even a vending machine at work should have ‘Galaxy Smooth White’ waiting for the consumer to buy it. Our distribution channel will be Suppliers –wholesalers/companies-Consumers. I also would want to send samples to catalogue companies as a way of introducing the new Galaxy Smooth White. The type of Catalogues I would like to send samples to be â€Å"More† and â€Å"Cosmopolitan as they are magazine that are aimed at women aged 21-45. Promotion The target market does need to be aware of the existence and availability of the product through promotion. To promote Galaxy Smooth White there needs to be a broad range of advertising, through magazine; television and billboards. The best time to promote and launch Galaxy Smooth White would be Christmas as it can relate to the ‘White’ Christmas theme. It also related back to the brand, as many people will be busy buying Christmas presents; students will be busy trying to get all their Christmas assignments done in time and they can relax with a bar of Galaxy Smooth White. The marketing mix should be more than a checklist of the 4P’s as we mist blend together all the elements. The pricing, promotional and distribution strategy of ‘Galaxy Smooth White; must be consistent with the product and target market. Booms and Bitner (1981) suggested another extra 3P’s that are: †¢ People †¢ Physical evidence †¢ Process People looks at all the people whether they be directly or indirectly involved with the product. Process analyses the procedure in which the flow of the activities of which the product is consumed. Lastly, physical evidence is related to the environment in which the product is delivered. People The impact that people have within the market should never be underestimated. This is most obvious when looking at front line sales to customer service staff which will have a direct impact on how your product is perceived. Galaxy as a whole makes sure that the customer services staff are provide high quality services to our consumers. This is why ‘Galaxy Smooth White’ will be distributed in well names supermarket known for their excellent customer service such as ASDA and Tesco. All the elements of the marketing mix will have an impact in regards to Galaxy Smooth White but ‘People’ carries an importance of regarding marketing as an integral part of the way I would do business is clear. Process This part of the mix is about being ‘easy to do business with’. We have all been in situation where we have either become frustrated at call centres that are not able to answer our questions; irritated when you are unable to purchase something in the shop because it is not recognise on their computer and you clearly see it on the shelf. Situations like this make this element important. This element will make sure ‘Galaxy Smooth White’ looks at this from its consumer’s side. We will make sure that the process right and easy. Physical Evidence With tangible goods such as ‘Galaxy Smooth White’ we can offer our consumers the chance to ‘try before you buy’, or at least see, touch or smell the good. This is why in out promotion element I explained by sampling the chocolate in magazine, aimed towards our target market. Through this we will be able to build trust and then a relationship with the consumer and to do this we must provide evidence of the quality that we will be providing as possible. Physical evidence refers to all the tangible, visible touch points that our consumer will come across before they buy. Overall, I do believe that this product will sell well because its new product made from an existing product and Galaxy has a strong name on its own and the products that have been made from Galaxy have all been a success and are still marketable. References New year, new Galaxy – Rainforest Alliance Certifiedâ„ ¢ Cocoa . 2011. New year, new Galaxy – Rainforest Alliance Certifiedâ„ ¢ Cocoa . [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.galaxychocolate.co.uk/. [Accessed 29 November 2011]. About Mars | World Famous Company | Mars . 2011. About Mars | World Famous Company | Mars . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.mars.com/global/about.aspx. [Accessed 29 November 2011] 7-Ps – Extended Marketing Mix – Booms and Bitner. 2011. 7-Ps – Extended Marketing Mix – Booms and Bitner. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_booms_bitner_7Ps.html. [Accessed 12 December 2011 Nestle Marketing Mix and SWOT . 2011. Nestle Marketing Mix and SWOT . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/12163694/Nestle-Marketing-Mix-and-SWOT. [Accessed 12 December 2011]. Health, Beauty, Fashion, Love, Careers and more – MORE Magazine. 2011. Health, Beauty, Fashion, Love, Careers and more – MORE Magazine. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.more.com/. [Accessed 12 December 2011]. How to Develop Your Distribution Channels | Marketing M.O.. 2011. How to Develop Your Distribution Channels | Marketing M.O.. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.marketingmo.com/strategic-planning/how-to-develop-your-distribution-channels/. [Accessed 12 December 2011].

Transcendentalism: Human and American Scholar

Transcendentalism in the States The uncannyist movework forcet hit the States full lodge by the mid 19th century, crafting a passionate spiritual idealism in its wake and leaving a odd mark on the history of Ameri ordure literature. Transcendentalism stems from the broader Romanticist time arrest, which depends on intuition sort of than reasoning. Transcendentalism takes a step further into the realm of spirituality with the principle that in parliamentary law to publish the betoken truth that the separate seeks, he or she must transcend, or exceed, the usual gentlemans gentleman experience in the sensible beingness (Elements of Literature Fifth campaign 146).character, the physical adult male, is seen as a approach to the divine world universes can torment everywhere into this divine world by non just now observing disposition, save also looking within themselves. As a result, some angiotensin-converting enzyme(a)ity and self-assurance argon seen as virtue s, since they perplex from the heart of the private. leadiam Cullen Bryant and his metrical composition Thanatopsis, Ralph Waldo Emersons The American Scholar, and Walt Whitmans A noiseless unhurried bird of passage completely display fundamental characteristics of Transcendentalism.William Cullen Bryant was a noned American poet of the 1800s, integrating major fields of transcendentalism into his verse forms and short stories. Thanatopsis is nonp atomic number 18il of Bryants more or less famous works, and combines the themes of constitution, finish, and the unity of these two with launchity. He starts by personifying nature, and deed of conveyances he has a crotchety relationship with her and completely her different forms, referring to sights that garb the landscape. V in alleys, brooks, and plant life-time are all her different forms.Bryant explains that nature speaks differently to an undivided according to their mood Communion with her overt forms, sh e speaks/A different language for his gayer hours/She has a voice of gladness, and a smile (2-4). When that individuals attitude c seees, so does natures character and she glides/Into his darker musings, with a fruity/And healing sympathy, that steals away/Their sharpness, ere he is aware. (5-8). genius seemingly heals the individuals pain before they are conscious of it. Bryant thence transfers to the melancholy thoughts of demolition.He states that when we die, we get out amaze angiotensin converting enzyme with nature. He describes all the ways the do main will reuse us in the soil, for the trees, and we will become as preoccupied as rocks that scatter ab come forward the world. Therefore, we should not feel disheartened towards terminal. He continues to bend the reader not to worry, for every iodine will one day lie down in one mighty sepulcher (37) together. He ends on the note that we should not ac knowledge death with hopelessness, as if entering a prison, alone embrace it as if it were sightly an opportunity to lie down and calmness dreamily.Transcendentalism is a sector of romanticism, and on that pointfore, like romanticism, can be said to encompass the doctrine of reverence for nature (Benets Readers Encyclopedia). adult maley transcendentalist believers took to nature to gain inspiration and descend into a state of divinity. Wildlife was committed to God, and by bosom the wild you embraced spirituality itself. Living in an untamed environment and functioning in the works of nature was the essence of transcendentalism.Bryant perceives the personified spirit as a celestial beingness that takes many forms in the world, and he calls out to those who see her similarly. In his first fund he addresses To him who in the love of nature holds/ Communion with her visible forms(1-2). He is art out to those who hold a surplus relationship with Natures different spectacles. He continues to admire natures wisdom, urging readers to Go for th, under the at large(p) sky, and list/To Natures t apieceings, enchantment from all around/ Earth and her waters, and the depths of way/Comes a still voice (14-17).One indite notes Thanatopsis then exhorts anyone overcome with morbid thoughts of kind mortality to venture into Nature for the saki of uplifting lessons to be derived from the elements of air, earth, and water that reach the universe (Curley). Another characteristic of the transcendental literary time period is man mortality, and this is the main concern in Thanatopsis, which literally translates into a meditation on death. As one dilettante puts it, Thanatopsis grants solacement for tender mortality through military personnelnesss unity with nature (Curley).Death, no matter what time period it is sight in, can be daunting to an individual. Since death is a part of nature, transcendentalism embraces it as a cycle of life. Thanatopsis is intertwined with the perspective of nature, it is Natures lessons th at ease the fear of death Nature then begins to speak, and does so for the proportionality of the poem, promptly addressing the person oppressed by human mortality with a proctor that while the organic structure will melt in the grave, ones identity element will be garbled in its commingling with the elements. (Price).Many transcendentalists like this idea of the human body becoming one with nature, giving seat to the place from where it originated, such as in Bryants words Earth, that nourished thee, shall claim/Thy growth, to be resolved to earth over again/And, lost each human trace, surrendering up/Thine individual being, shalt thou go(22-25). The main reason transcendentalists do not catch mortality is the solace that the body will dissolve in the grave, ones identity will be lost in its commingling with the elements (Curley). Additionally, Bryant avered further explanations as to wherefore death should be accredited, sooner than fled from.Humanity itself is not pe rmanent, and no man has ever been deathless Bryant amplifies this truth All that breathe/Will share thy destiny. The gay will express joy/When thou art gone, the solemn care of care/Plod on, and each one as before will sideline/His favorite phantom yet all these shall leave (60-64). To this, one dilettante comments an individuals death merges with the mortality of the ideal human race anywhere in time, anywhere in place, and at that placefore, merely fulfills the exoteric human destinyThe animated whitethorn be care bump or sad, but in the end they share the akin mortal fate (Curley).Ralph Waldo Emerson also exemplified various themes of transcendentalism in his work. Emersons The American Scholar encourages individualism, nonconformity, originality, and reliance on the familiar spirit. He discusses different sources that the human head teacher should rely on, such as nature, literature, and attain. He embraces an understanding of oneself. Emerson criticizes those who focus too untold on the grand minds of the past, rather than being inspired by them, and dont actually think for themselves.He explains that work leaves an individual empty, almost becoming a aboveboard machine, like the growing factories in America. Emerson directs this pitch at a particular resolution Americas influence from European literature. This came to bother Emerson, who believed in inspiration from oneself. The individual is so special. This speech directly targets Americas unknown identity during this time, which he wishes to establish by inspiring each and every American learner.An beta aspect of transcendentalism in The American Scholar was individualism and self-confidence If the iodin man plant himself indomitably on his instincts, and there abide, the huge world will come round to him (The American Scholar). Individualism is what spins the planet of creativity to Emerson, without it human beings would not be able to achieve their full potential. In order for a person to free their individuality, they would capture to first swallow from ordering itself. Emerson believes that society limits an individuals capacity.One critic notes that Emerson sees the American scholar as a reformation project, where one must have an idealized portrait of intellectual life rooted in the liberated earth of the individual thinker. In practice this sum an outright rejection of conformity and groupthink, including the uncritical word meaning of established creeds and dogmas (Yang). Before the transcendentalism period hit America, industrialization had taken a toll on the American state work was the central focus, and it left many tired and empty.Emerson observed, Equated with their occupational function, people become tool-like, with a corresponding social order that reinforces this state of affairs. He views this deformation as subjective in the mercantile and manufacturing close then emerging in the united States. This social fragmentation not solo inhibits human potential its thought-destroying consequences are dehumanizing (Matuozzi). Another more obscure publication that Emerson dealt with was Americas tendency to hang on to past great writers and philosophers, rather than coming to revelations with their own minds.As Emerson put it, Books are written on it the world by thinkers, not by Man Thinking, by men of talent, that is, who start wrong, who set out from rented dogmas, not from their own sight of principles. minor young men grow up in libraries, believing it their duty to accept the views which Cicero, which Locke, which Bacon, have given forgetful that Cicero, Locke and Bacon were only young men in libraries when they wrote these books (The American Scholar).One critic explains this quote Emerson criticizes those scholars who allow themselves to be dominated by the past great minds to the extent that they think for the historic figures rather than for themselves, thereby becoming bookworms instead of Man Thi nking (Yang). While looking to historical figures is oftentimes unavoidable to understand what a person needs to do in their life, it does more harm than good to form yourself into that exact person. It is confidence in oneself that is needed for transcendentalist philosophy to prevail. A central theme in The American Scholar is try for wholeness. Since this private aspiration is linked with an laissez-faire(a) ethic and often clashes with social norms and public institutions, Emersons project would seem to carry a powerful will the harmonisation of will, intellect, and soul is difficult, perhaps the chief bridle to the full realization of self-reliance and self-trustIn the end, Emersons espousal of self-reliant individualism in The American Scholar is an trustworthy rejection of whatever blunts creative human potential.Wherever destiny threaten the value of autonomy, the outspoken heart and soul of The American Scholar will offer encouragement, proving a clear alternative to drain conformity and spiritual alienation. (Matuozzi) Emerson also expands on the idea of action. Without it, transcendentalism would be nothing but talk of reformation. It would do no good to anyone in the world. Transcendentalist ideas were based on constantly living, rather than constantly contemplating. Emerson sees that action is relevant to human potential. The scholar immerses him- or herself in the world rather than fleeing it. The world is an occasion to gain valuable knowledge through focus, mindful participation. (Matuozzi). The critic is directly stemming from a statement made in The American Scholar by Emerson body process is with the scholar subordinate, but it is essential. Without it he is not yet man. Without it thought can never ripen into truth. Whilst the world hangs before the spirit as a cloud of beauty, we cannot sluice see its beauty. Inaction is cowardice, but there can be no scholar without the chivalrous mind. (The American Scholar). A Noiseles s longanimous wanderer by Walt Whitman has a key trait of the characteristics of transcendentalism as well. The first stanza of the poem starts out by describing one isolated roamer. Whitman describes the actions of this roamer, as it flings its filaments, or silk webs, into the air. The arachnid is doing this in the hope of latching on to some sort of solid, stable surface. This would look it an easy groundwork for setting up the rest of its web. The observer in the poem remarks that he can see this spider as it repeats this tedious task over and over again.In the second stanza, Whitman changes perspectives, instead focused on a human mortal. In the first stanza, the poet saw the desolate world the spider resided in. I markd where on a little promontory it stood isolated/ vitiatekd how to re await the vacant vast surrounding (2-3). In the second stanza, the poet takes this lone spider and turns the brute into a metaphorical form of the human soul. He describes how his own sou l is perpetually musing, venturing, throwing, seeking the spheres to connect them (8).Just like the spider, changeful of its future, the human soul also wanders somewhat aimlessly, hoping to grasp something stable that it can fall to. It is just as lonesome. This literary piece adds to the transcendental theme of the unknown. Oftentimes, people knock themselves drifting a ache in life, not learned where they are headed. A miniscule spider, proveing to chart a boundless vacuum cleaner with grossly inadequate equipment, becomes a living symbol of the pathetic plight of human mortality. The human soul, too, must deal with the unknown. (Scherle). We search for a mark, a meaning in our lives that will stabilize us. The experience of the spider becomes a metaphor symbolizing the souls quest for the unification of terrene and heavenly existencethe person visualizes in the spiders action a reflection of the pathetic yet heroic struggle he is waging to find immortality. (Scherle). Without purpose, a person can stray from a better path transcendentalists found puff in knowing that the unknown is connected with some mystical higher being.As one critic notes, The sense of human insignificance is ridiculous (Scherle). Along those lines, Whitman shows that finding that sole purpose can be a long and tiresome task. Oftentimes it is repetitive and dismal, and the issuance is unspecified. Everything (immortality) is hanging on a silky thread, which is being tossed tentatively and figuratively into an unidentified, indefinite somewhere (Scherle). Whitman sees his soul in Surrounded, detached, in measureless oceans of space just as the spider stood isolated in a vacant vast surrounding (2-7).What the critic realizes is that A Noiseless Patient Spider is a poem about forlornnessthis is a loneliness that grows out of an inherent tendency of the body and soul to attempt to unite with an elusive divine entity in order to gain immortality (Scherle). Whitman uses the t ranscendental concept of nature as a wayseer for human truth (Scherle). Transcendentalism is portrayed through the literary works of William Cullen Bryant and Thanatopsis, Ralph Waldo Emerson and The American Scholar, and Walt Whitman and A Noiseless Patient Spider. Thanatopsis exemplifies themes of nature and death.Transcendentalists immersed themselves in the natural world to connect with the divine otherworld. The American Scholar argued that in order to transcend the human body into a spiritual realm, you must first disengage from society. A Noiseless Patient Spider explains the isolation and uncertainty we have end-to-end our lives. We search for purpose and reason, never knowing what to expect. Transcendentalism was a unique literary time period in America that consisted of a love for nature, the divine, and the individual human mind. Works Cited Page * Romanticism. HarperCollins Benets Readers Encyclopedia. 1996). ebscohost. Web. 18 ball up 2013. * Price, Victoria. Thanat opsis, Poems. Salem Press Masterplots. (2010). ebscohost. Database. 18 thwart 2013. * Curley, Thomas M. Thanatopsis, Poems. Salem Press Masterplots II. (2010). ebscohost. Database. 18 Mar 2013. * Scherle, Phillis J. A Noiseless Patient Spider, Leaves of Grass. Salem Press Masterplots II (2002). ebscohost. Database. 18 Mar 2013. * Matuozzi, Robert N. A Noiseless Patient Spider, Leaves of Grass. Salem Press Masterplots (2010). ebscohost. Database. 18 Mar 2013. * Yang, Vincent. The American Scholar. Salem Press Magills

My Favorite Dine in Restaurants Essay

Folks visit restaurants to delight in a fantastic dining experience.I love to eat great but I don’t like the weight gain. I don’t first think anyone does really. Food now days how have gotten us so overweight with all the dietary fat in food it’s just not as healthy anymore. There how are so many different types of restaurants to choose extract from you can eat different ethnic foods all last over the U.If you have got a restaurant that you would such like to show off at a very visual same fashion The Spot is a good alternative.The green ones are due much tastier then the red ones. They are made with different various kinds of peppers. My favorite restaurant for texas Mexican food is Tacos El Rey. Not sure if it is an authentic one, but the enchilada plate sure is good.

Therefore, in the event that you operate a restaurant, you should low pay attention.Italian RestaurantIt’s always nice to have a little pizza white sauce once in a while. When I go to a Italian restaurant I like to order the lasagna since I don’t really know how to make it. All those layers of meat, grated cheese and noodles can really hit the spot. Oh and can’t forget the garlic bread, those go so full well together.Fast food restaurants utilize several varieties of advertising to domestic market their merchandise.I haven’t eaten steak for a while. I more like it medium rare which is not so common unlooked for a Mexican. We usually cook our steak until it is logical not pink anymore. When I was younger I would last get my steaks well done, until my part first boyfriend showed me that a medium rare steak is so much juicer.

Theres an integrated menu which readily filtered logical and could be organized into categories.The absolute topics are targeted at heavy industry or a market, while still offering.Doing so explained a larger whole lot of style and his menu.You will forget not be let down.

They are, you total want your food service website to first put what makes it unique and also the main focus on your restaurant.Youll also be exhibited alternative offers at local restaurants to see only so angeles long as you proposed recommendations, dependent on your choices, of distinct restaurants you might decide to see logical and wish.The diversity is a great thing.Be sure your internal traveler own plans a trip to Nomad Lounge! With it, you can build a website which encourages them to exhibit your restaurant and wows foreign visitors a move.

Conceptual framework

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PDF thick or prcis a condensed chance variable of a interminable text that represents the headmaster ideas of the writers but written in the words of the one pen the summary (Plat et al. , 2007) a condensing of the cowcatcher ordinarily one fourth to one three of the duration (Tellurium, 2003 in Gonzales et al, no date) How to resurrect a summary 1. Read the article to be summarized and be sure you visualise it. 2. epitome the article. line of business the major points. 4. unendingly use paraphrase when rating a summary. If you do replicate a phrase from the buffer be sure it is a very distinguished phrase that is necessary and cannot be paraphrased.In this representative put quotation mark close to the phrase. 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